Subscribe to our Free Newsletter 
                                                                                               

Visit our site weekly for the lastest updates in health news

Scientific Data

References - Glutathione (GSH)

  1. Kosower NS, Kosower EM. The glutathione status of cells. Intl Rev Cytol 1978;54:109-157. 2. Kidd PM. Glutathione: systemic protectant against oxidative and free radical damage. Altern Med Rev 1997;1:155-176.

  2. Sen CK. Nutritional biochemistry of cellular glutathione. Nutr Biochem 1997;8:660-672.

  3. Cook GC, Sherlock S. Results of a controlled clinical trial of glutathione in cases of hepatic cirrhosis. Gut 1965;6:472-476.

  4.  Bremer HJ, Duran M, Kamerling JP, et al. Glutathione. In: Bremer HJ, Duran M, Kamerling JP, et al, eds. Disturbances of Amino Acid Metabolism:Clinical Chemistry and Diagnosis. Baltimore-Munich: Urban and Schwarzenberg; 1981:80-82.

  5. Chawla RK, Lewis FW, Kutner MH, et al. Plasma cysteine, cysteine, and glutathione in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1984;87:770-776.

  6.  Cai J, Nelson KC, Wu M, et al. Oxidative damage and protection of the RPE. Progr Retinal Eye Res 2000;19:205-221.

  7. Look MP, Rockstroh JK, Rao GS, et al. Serum selenium, plasma glutathione (GSH) and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)-levels in asymptomatic versus symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infection. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51:266-272.

  8. Luo J-L, Hammarqvist F, Andersson K, et al. Surgical trauma decreases glutathione synthetic capacity in human skeletal muscle tissue. Am J Physiol 1998;275:E359-E365.

  9. Spies CD, Reinhart K, Witt I, et al. Influence of N-acetylcysteine on direct indicators of tissue oxygenation in septic shock patients: results from a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Crit Care Med 1994;22:1738-1746.

  10. Whitcomb DC, Block GD. Association of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity with fasting and ethanol use. JAMA 1994;272:1845-1850.

  11. Anderson ME. Glutathione and glutathione delivery compounds. Adv Pharmacol 1997;38:65-78.

  12. Lomaestro BM, Malone M. Glutathione in health and disease: pharmacotherapeutic issues. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:1263-1273.

  13. Meister A, Larsson A. Glutathione synthetase deficiency and other disorders of the gamma-glutamyl cycle. In: Scriver CR, Kinzler KW, Valle D, et al, eds. The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1995:1461-1477.

  14. Verjee ZH, Behal R. Protein-calorie malnutrition: a study of red blood cell and serum enzymes during and after crisis. Clin Chim Acta 1976;70:139-147.

  15. Meister A. Glutathione, ascorbate, and cellular protection. Cancer Res 1994;54:1969S-1975S.

  16. Strange RC, Jones PW, Fryer AA. Glutathione S-transferase: genetics and role in toxicology. Toxicol Letts 2000;112-113:357-363.

  17. Monks TJ, Lau SS. Glutathione conjugation as a mechanism for the transport of reactive metabolites. Adv Pharmacol 1994;27:183-205.

  18. Mulder GJ, Ouwerkerk-Mahadevan S. Modulation of glutathione conjugation in vivo: how to decrease glutathione conjugation in vivo or in intact cellular systems in vitro. Chem-Biol Interact 1997;105:17-34.

  19. Weber GF. Final common pathways in neurodegenerative diseases: regulatory role of the glutathione cycle. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1999;23:1079-1086.

  20. Sen CK. Redox signaling and the emerging therapeutic potential of thiol antioxidants. Biochem Pharmacol 1998;55:1747-1758.
  21. Gul M, Kutay FZ, Temocin S, et al. Cellular and clinical implications of glutathione. Indian J Exp Biol 2000;38:625-634.

  22. Pace GW, Leaf CD. The role of oxidative stress in HIV disease. Free Rad Biol Med 1995;19:523-528.

  23. Loguercio C, Taranto D, Vitale LM, et al. Effect of liver cirrhosis and age on the glutathione concentration in the plasma, erythrocytes, and gastric mucosa of man. Free Rad Biol Med 1996;20:483-488.

  24. Altomare E, Vendemiale G, Alano O. Hepatic glutathione content in patients with alcoholic and non alcoholic liver diseases. Life Sci 1998;43:991-998.
  25. Suarez M, Beloqui O, Ferrer JV, et al. Glutathione depletion in chronic hepatitis C. Intl Hepatol Commun 1993;1:215-221.

  26. Suter PM, Domenighetti G, Schaller MD, et al. N-acetylcysteine enhances recovery from acute lung injury in man. Chest 1994;105:190-194.

  27. Iantomasi T, Marraccini P, Favilli F, et al. Glutathione metabolism in Crohn's disease. Biochem Med Metab Biol 1994;53:87-91.

  28. Usal A, Acarturk E, Yuregir GT, et al. Decreased glutathione levels in acute myocardial infarction. Jpn Heart J 1996;37:177-182.

  29. Prasad A, Andrews NP, Padder FA, et al. Glutathione reverses endothelial dysfunction and improves nitric oxide bioavailability. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:507-514.

  30. Amano J, Suzuki A, Sunamori M. Salutary effect of reduced glutathione on renal function in coronary artery bypass operation. J Am Coll Surg 1994;179:714-720.

  31. Kugiyama K, Ohgushi M, Motoyama T, et al. Intracoronary infusion of reduced glutathione improves endothelial vasomotor response to acetylcholine in human coronary circulation. Circulation 1998;97:2299-2301.

  32. Gut A, Chaloner C, Schofield D, et al. Evidence of toxic metabolite stress in black South Africans with chronic pancreatitis. Clin Chim Acta 1995;236:145-153.

  33. Vijayalingam S, Parthiban A, Shanmugasundaram KR, et al. Abnormal antioxidant status in impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diab Med 1996;13:715-719.

  34. Yoshida K, Hirokawa J, Tagami S, et al. Weakened cellular scavenging activity against oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus: regulation of glutathione synthesis and efflux. Diabetol 1995;38:201-210.

  35. Grimble RF. Effect of antioxidative vitamins on immune function with clinical applications. Intl J Vit Nutr Res 1997;67:312-320. 
  36. Sen CK. Glutathione homeostasis in response to exercise training and nutritional supplements. Mol Cell Biochem 1999;196:31-42.

  37. Meister A. Mitochondrial changes associated with glutathione deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995;1271:35-42.

  38. Kidd PM. Parkinson's disease as multifactorial oxidative neurodegeneration: implications for integrative management. Altern Med Rev 2000;5:502-529.

  39. Witschi A, Reddy S, Stofer B, et al. The systemic availability of oral glutathione. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;43:667-669.

  40. Hagen TM, Wierzbicka GT, Sillau AH, et al. Bioavailability of dietary glutathione: effect on plasma concentrations. Am J Physiol 1990;259:G524-529.

  41. Vincenzini MT, Favilli F, Iantomasi T. Intestinal uptake and transmembrane transport systems of intact GSH; characteristics and possible biological role. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992;1113:13-23.

  42. Aw TY, Wierzbicka G, Jones DP. Oral glutathione increases tissue glutathione in vivo. Chem-Biol Interact 1991;80:89-97.

  43. Perlmutter D. BrainRecovery.com. Naples, FL: The Perlmutter Health Center; 2000.

  44. Faintuch J, Aguilar PB, Nadalin W. Relevance of N-acetylcysteine in clinical practice: fact, myth or consequence? Nutrition 1999;15:177-179.

  45. Traber J, Suter M, Walter P, et al. In vivo modulation of total and mitochondrial glutathione in rat liver. Biochem Pharmacol 1992;43:961-964.

  46. Bridgeman MM, Marsden M, Selby C, et al. Effect of N-acetyl cysteine on the concentrations of thiols in plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue. Thorax 1994;49:670-675.

  47. Fuchs J, Schofer H, Milbradt R, et al. Studies on lipoate effects on blood redox state in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Arzneimittelforschung1993;43:1359-1362.

  48. Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Rad Biol Med 1995;19:227-250.

  49. Kalayjian RC, Skowron G, Emgushov R-T, et al. A phase I/II trial of intravenous L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (procysteine) in asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects. J Acq Immune Def Syndr 1994;7:369-374.

  50. Vita JA, Frei B, Holbrook M. L-2-Oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. J Clin Invest 1998;101:1408-1414.

References - Clustered Water

US Patent Numbers 5,711,950 and 6,033,678 

  1. Armbruster, Martin. (1981). Negatively Charged Water Clusters. Phys. Rev. Lett. 47(5):323-6.rmbruster, Martin. (1981). Negatively Charged Water Clusters. Phys. Rev. Lett. 47(5):323-6.
  2. Armstrong, F.A.; Butt, J.N.; George, S.J.; Hatchikian, E.C. (1989). Evidence of Reversible Multiple Redox Transformations of (3FE-4S) Clusters. FEBS Letters v259 N1:15-18.

  3. Banic, L.M. (1981). Equilibrium constants for clustering of neutral molecules about gaseous ions. McLennon Phys. Lab U Toronto J. Chem. Phys. 83(12):6432-48.,1981.

  4. Barnett, R.N.; Landman, U.; Scharf, D.; Jortner, J. (1989). Surface and Internal Excess Electron States in Molecular Clusters. Accounts of Chemical Research v22 N10:350-357.

  5. Bartell, L.S. & T.S. Dibble (1990). Observation of the Time Evolution of Phase Changes in Clusters. Journal of the American Chemical Society v112 N2:890-891.

  6. Bartunik, H.D.; Summers, L.J.; Bartsch, H.H. (l989). Crystal Structure of Bovine Beta-trypsin at l.5A Resolution in a Crystal Form with Low Molecular Packing Density. Active Site Geometry, Ion Pairs and Solvent Structure. Journal of Molecular Biology, V2l0(4):8l3-28.

  7. Beinert, H. and M.C. Kennedy (1989). Engineering of Protein-bound Iron-Sulfur Clusters - A Tool for the Study of Protein and Cluster Chemistry and Mechanism of Iron-Sulfur Enzymes. European Journal of Biochemistry v186 N1:5-15.

  8. Berry, R.S.; Braier, P.; Hinde, R.J.; Cheng, H.P. (1990). Dynamics and Potential Surfaces of Small Clusters. Israel Journal of Chemistry v30 N1-2:39-44.

  9. **Bistolfi, F (1990). The bioelectronic connectional system (BCS): a theraputic target for nonionizing radiation. Panminerva medica 32(1): 10-18.

  10. **Bistolfi, Franco (1991). Biostructures and Radiation Order Disorder. Edizioni Minerva Medica, Torino.

  11. Bliumenfel'd, LA and AN Tikhonov (1987). Possible mechanism of ATP formation in energy-transducing biological membranes. Biofizika v32(5):800-13.

  12. Boge, TC; Himes R; Vander Velde DG; Georg GI (1994). The effect of aromatic rings of taxol on biological activity and solution conformation: synthesis and evaluation of saturated taxol and taxotere analogues. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 37(20):3337-43.

  13. Brendel V.; Karlin S. (l989). Association of Charge Clusters with Functional Domains of Cellular Transcription Factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, V86 Nl5:5698-5702.

  14. Brodskaga, E.N. (1986). Molecular dynamics investigation of the structure of water microclusters. Leningrad U. Kolloidn. Zh. 48(1):3-16. 

  15. Budach, W., & D. Mobius (1989). Detection of longitudinal waves in resonance with capillary waves at the air water interface by energy transfer. Thin Solid Films 178:61-65 (11/1/89).

  16. **Cameron, I.L., G.D. Fullerton & N.K.R. Smith (1988). Influence of Cytomatrix proteins on water and on ions in cells. Scanning Microscopy 2(1):275-288.

  17. Cameron, I.L., KE Hunter, and GD Fullerton (1988). Quench cooled ice crystal imprint size: a micro-method for study of macromolecular hydration. Scanning Microscopy 2(2):885-898.

  18. Chapman, D., J. Urbina, and K.M. Keough (1974). Liquid crystals and biological membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 249:2512. University of London.

  19. **Chen, R.S.; Liegener, C.M.; Ladik, J. (1987). The effect of water and ions on the energy band structure of periodic alpha-helical polypeptides. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Hungarica 22(2-3):205-12.

  20. Choy, R.Y.S., J.A. Monro & C.W. Smith (1987). Electrical Sensitivities in Allergy Patients. Clin. Ecol. 4(3):93-102.

  21. **Clegg, JS (1984). Biophysics of Water. (F.Franks, ed) John Wiley & Sons, Chichester .

  22. **Clegg, JS (1987). On the physical properties and potential roles of intracellular water. In: Organization of cell metabolism. Welch, GR and Clegg, JS (eds). Plenum Press, New York.Clegg, JS (1988). Contrasting views on the organization of cytoplasm. Scanning Microscopy 2(2):915-924.

  23. **Clore, GM; AM Gronenborn (1992). Localization of bound water in the solution structure of the immunoglobulin binding domain of Streptococcal Protein G - evidence of solvent-induced helical distortion in solution. J. Molecular Biology 223:853.

  24. Costerson, J.W. Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 41:435, 1989. 

  25. Covington, A.K., & M. Dunn (1989). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Preferential Solvation: Application of Blander Coordinated Cluster Theory to the Methanol Water Solvent System. Journal of the Chemical Society - Faraday Transactions I, v85:2827-2834 (9/89). 

  26. Cracknell, Arthur P. (1975). Magnetism in Crystalline Materials. Carnigie Laboratory of Physics, University of Dundee. Pergamon Press - Oxford. 

  27. Cram, D.J. (1986). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 25:1039.

  28. Creegan, K.M.; Jarrold, M.F. (1990). Chemistry of Semiconductor Clusters - Reactions of SI11-50+ with C2H4 Show Evidence for Numerous Structural Isomers. Journal of the American Chemical Society v112 N10:3768-3773.

  29. Curtiss, L.A. Thermodynamic parameters for the dimer and evidence for higher polymers in water vapor. Chemical Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratories, Illinois.

  30. Damadian, R., Zanar, K. Hor, D. and DiMaio, T. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:1471.

  31. Damadian, R., K. Zaner, D. Hor, T. DiMaio, L. Minkoff, & M. Goldsmith (1971). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as a new tool in cancer research: Human tumors by NMR. Science 171:1048-1073.

  32. **Dadarlat VM: Saxena VK (1999). The effect of structural water molecules on the normal mode spectrum of dTn, dAn x xTn DNA. J Biomol Struct Dyn 17:2, 333-46

  33. Davenas, E., Benveniste, J. et al (1988). Human basophil degranulation triggered by very dilute antiserum against IgE. Nature 333:816-818. June 30, 1988.

  34. DeVrij, W: Bulthuis, RA: Konings, WN. Comparative study of energy-transducing properties of cytoplasmic membranes from mesophilic and thermophilic Bascillus species. Journal of Bacteriology v170(5):2359-66.

  35. Del Giudice, E., S. Doglia and M. Milani (1982). Phys. Lett. 90A, 104-259. 

  36. **Del Giudice, E., G. Preparata & G. Vitiello (1988). Water as a Free Electric Dipole Laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61(9):1085-1088 8/29/88.

  37. **Del Giudice, E., S. Doglia, M. Milani, C.W. Smith, & G. Vitiello (1989). Magnetic Flux Quantization and Josephson Behavior in Living Systems. Physica Scripta 12/89.

  38. **Demetropoulos IN; Gresh N (1991). A supermolecule study of the effect of hydration on the conformational behavior of leucine-enkephalin. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 5(2):81-94.

  39. Deryaguin, B.V.; V.V. Karasev, & E.N. Khromova (1980). J. Coll. Interface Sci 78(1):274. 

  40. Doster, W.; Bachleitner,A.; Dunau, R.; Hiebl, M.; Luscher, E. (1986). Thermal properties of water in myoglobin crystals and solutions at subzero temperatures. Biophysical Journal 50(2):213-9.

  41. **Drost-Hansen, W. and J.S. Clegg (1979). Cell-associated water. Academic Press, New York.

  42. Duncan, M.A. & D.H. Rouvray (1989). Microclusters. Scientific American v 261 N6:110-115.

  43. **Edelmann, L (1988). The cell water problem posed by electron microscopic studies of ion binding in muscle. Scanning Microscopy 2(2):851-854.

  44. Edmonds, DT (1980). Electrical Properties of small water molecule arrays. Chem. Phys. Letters 65:429.

  45. Edwards, G.S. (1984). Resonant microwave absorption of selected DNA molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 53:1284 

  46. Egelstaff, P.A.(1986). Structural changes in low temperature water. Chem. Phys. 101(1):175-81 

  47. Eigen, Manfred (1982). Molecules, Information and Memory: From Molecular to Neural Networks: Max Planc Institute . 

  48. **Eisenberg D & W Kauzmann (1969). The structure and properties water. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

  49. Emoto, Masaru (1995). The study of water and life from the viewpoint of Hado science. PHP Press, Tokyo.

  50. Esipova NG; Aizenkhaber F; Aizenmenger F; Tumanian VG (1992). A new approach to the thermodynamic role of imino acids in collagen - solution of a thermodynamic paradox. Biofizika 37(1):68-72.

  51. Evans, DF & BW Ninham (1986). Molecular forces in self-organization of amphphiles. J. Phy. Chem 90:226-243.

  52. Falk, Michael (1987). An ab initio SCF calculation of the effect of water-anion and water-cation interactions on the vibrational frequencies of water. Atlantic Research Laboratories, National Research Council of Canada. Spectrochim. Acta. Part A 42A:175-80.

  53. Fischer, HA (1989). Photons as transmitter for intra- and intercellular biological and biochemical communication: the construction of a hypothesis. In Electromagnetic Bioinformation, 2nd Ed., Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich.

  54. Fowler, P.W. (1981). The effects of rotation, vibration and isotopic substitution on the electric dipole moment the magnetizability, and the nuclear magnetic shielding of the water molecule. Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield. Mol.Phys. 43(1):65-82.

  55. Frank, H.S. (1975) Water, Vol. 1-5 Plenum Press.

  56. **Franks, F & S Mathias (1982). Biophysics of Water. Wiley, New York

  57. Franks, F. (1985). Dehydration and the function of water in the stability of biological macromolecules. Dept Botany Cambridge U. FEMS Symp.18:3-19.

  58. Frasch, WD: Green, J: Caquiat, J: Mejia, A. ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by a beta subunit preparation purified from the chloroplast energy transducing complex CFI.CFO. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264(9):5064-9.

  59. Frohlich, H. (1980). Adv. Electron. Electron. Phys. 53:85.

  60. **Frohlich, H. (1985). Coherent Excitations in Active Biological Systems. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, FRG.

  61. **Fuelscher, M.P. (1986). Analysis of nonadditivity effects and estimation of many-body effects in linear water chains. Int.J. Quantum Chem. 29(4):627-38.

  62. Fukuda, Akeharu (1981). A dislocation model of the plastic deformation of single ice crystals. Hokkaido University. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 4(3):175-85. 

  63. Gorbitz CH; Etter MC (1992). Hydrogen bond connectivity patterns and hydrophobic interactions in crystal structures of small, acyclic peptides. International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 39(2):93-110.

  64. **Gniadecka, M (1998). Water and protein structure in photoaged and chronically aged skin. J Invest Dermatol 111:6, 1129-33.

  65. Gould, S.J.(1989). Wonderful Life - The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. W.W. Norton & Co., New York.

  66. Green, ME & J Lewis (1991). Monte Carlo simulation of water in a channel with charges. Biophysical journal 59:419-426.

  67. Guo X.H.; Zhao, N.M.; Chen, S.H.; Teixeira, J. (l990). Small-angle Neutron Scattering Study of the Structure of Protein/detergent Complexes. Biopolymers V29(2):335-46. 

  68. Hablitz, J.J. and U. Heinemann (1989). Alterations in the microenvironment during spreading depression associated with epileptiform activity in the immature neocortex. Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research 46(2):243-52.

  69. Halperin, W.P. (1989). Water diffusion rates change relative to pore size. Physical Review Letters, July 3, 1989.

  70. Hamerman, W.J. (1989). The Musicality of Living Processes. 21st Century Science & Technology v2 N2:32. 

  71. Hayashi, Hidemitsu & Munenori Kawamura (1990). The Concept of Prehepatic Medicine. Presentation at the Eight annual International Symposium on Man and his Environment in Health and Disease, Feb 24, 1990, Dallas, TX.

  72. Hazelwood, C.F. (1979) In: Cell-Associated Water, (W. Drost-Hansed, ed), Acade

  73. Hazelwood, C.F. (1988). Ion and water retention by permeabilized cells. Scanning Microscopy 2:267-273.

  74. Herron, N.; Wang, Y; Eckert, H. (1990). Synthesis and Characterization of Surface-capped, Size-quantized CDS Clusters - Chemical Control of Cluster Size. Journal of the American Society v112 N4:1322-1326.

  75. Hirao, K. & Nakatsuji, H. Cluster Expansion of the Wave Function: SAC Theory for Excited States. Nagoya University. Chem. Phys. Lett. 79(2):292-8 (1981).

  76. Hui, SW; Yu H (1993). Electron diffraction studies of molecular ordering and orientation in phospholipid monolayer domains. Biophysical Journal 64(1):150-6.

  77. Hunt, V. (1983). Brain/Mind Bulletin v3 N9. 

  78. Inoue, S.; Kabaya, M. (l989). Biological Activities Caused by Far-infrared Radiation. International Journal of Biometeorology, V33(3):l45-50. 

  79. Jones, H. The Theory of Brillouin Zones and Electronic States in Crystals. University of London. North Holland Publishing - Oxford (1975).

  80. Kaler, E.W. Spontaneous vesicle formation in aqueous mixtures of single-tailed surfactants. Science v.245:1370 (1989).

  81. Kantrowitz, Arthur R. & Petschek, Harry E. Magnetohydrodynamics. Stanford University Press (1957).

  82. Kassab, E.; Evleth, E.M.; Hamouthra, Z.D. (1990). Theoretical Characterization of the Rotational Motion of NH4+ in Water Clusters. Journal of the American Chemical Society v112 N1:103-108.

  83. **Katayama, S (1992). Aging mechanism associated with a function of biowater. Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR 24(1):43-50.

  84. Katayama, S. (1986) J. NMR Medicine 6:3-18.

  85. **Kell, D.B. & J.G. Morris (1981). On the role of interfacial water in protonmotive systems. In Biophysics of Water.

  86. Kienker PK; DeGrado WF; Lear JD (1994). A helical-dipole model describes the single-channel current rectification of an uncharged peptide ion channel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91(11):4859-63.

  87. Kopp, Marcel. (1982). Molecular Motions in Ice. Doctoral dissertation submitted to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich.

  88. Klose, M. (1985). Structure and Dynamics of Water. Z. Phys. Chem. (Leipzig) 266(5):917-23

  89. Kosslakoff, AA; Sintchak MD; Shpungin J; Presta LG (1992). Analysis of solvent structure in proteins using neutron D20-H20 solvent maps: pattern of primary and secondary hydration of trypsin. Proteins 12(3):223-36.

  90. Kronenberg, Klaus J. (1985). Experimental evidence for effects of magnetic fields on moving water. IEEE Trans. Mag. 21(5):2059-61

  91. Kroy, W (1989). The use of optical radiation for stimulation therapy. In Popp FA, Warnke U, Konig HL et al (eds) Electromagnetic Bioinformation. Urban & Schwarzenberg.

  92. Labaki LC; IL Torriani, JR Grigera (1991). Humidity-dependent structural changes in native collagen studied by X-ray diffractometry. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 24(1):115-22.

  93. **Ladik, J ; Hofmann D; Forner W; Otto P (1992). Investigation of the Possibility of Solitary Waves in the Base Stacks of DNA. Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR 24:227-236.

  94. Lee CS (1998). Multinuclear NMR study of enzyme hydration in an organic solvent. Biotechnol Bioeng 57:6, 686-93. 

  95. Lee, W.K. (1981). A Molecular Dynamic Study of Water Microclusters Surrounding a Phosphate Ion. J. Chem. Phys. 75(6):3040. 

  96. Lehrman SR: Tuls JL: Lund M (1990). Peptide alpha-helicity in aqueous trifluoroethanol: correlations with predicted alpha-helicity and the secondary structure of the corresponding regions of bovine growth hormone. Biochemistry 29(23):5590-6.

  97. Lepault, J; Ranck JL; Erk I (1992). Electron cryomicroscopy of frozen-hydrated biological speciments: analysis of freezing artifacts by X-ray cryocrystallography. Ultramicroscopy 46(1-4):19-24.

  98. Ling, G.N., & RC Murphy (1983). NMR relaxation time of water protons in aqueous solutions of gelatin and polymers which reduce the solvency of water for Na+, sugars and free amino acids. Physiol. Chem. Phys. 15:137-154.

  99. Ling, G.N. (1984) In Search of the Physical Basis of Life, Prenum Press.

  100. Ling, G.N.  (1962) A Physical Theory of  the Living State, The Association-Induction Hypothesis, Blaisdell, Waltham.

  101. **Ling, G.N. (1988). Solute exclusion by polymer and protein-dominated water: correlation with results of NMR and calorimetric studies and their significance for the understanding of the physical state of water in living cells. Scanning Microscopy 2(2):871-884. 

  102. **Lipscomb, LA; Peek, ME; Zhou FX; Bertrand JA; VanDerveer D; Williams LD (1994). Water ring structure at DNA interfaces: hydration and dynamics of DNA-anthracycline complexes. Biochemistry 33(12):3649-59.

  103. Loewenstein, WR (1992). Journal of Membrane Biology.

  104. Lorenzen, Lee (1989). What is Resonant Water? Food Technology Japan. April, 1989. Lorenzen, Lee (1989). Water Cluster Information Outline. Up-to-date Food Processing vol.24, #7, July 1989.

  105. Lorenzen, Lee (1989). Lacto-Bio Culture: antiviral activity in Epstein-Barr Syndrome. La Vie Japan, vol 9, September, 1989.

  106. **Luntz, T.L. (1989). Structural significance of an internal water molecule studied by site-directed mutagenesis of tyrosine-67 in rat cytochrome c. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86(10):3524-8 (May 1989). 

  107. Mathur-De Vre, R. (1979) Prog Biophys. Molec. Biol., 35, Pregamom, pp 103-134.

  108. de Meis, L. (1989). Role of water in the energy of hydrolysis of phosphate compounds--energy transduction in biological membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 973(2):333-49 (2/28/89).

  109. Middendorf, HD (1984). Biophysical applications of quasi-elastic and inelastic neutron scattering. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biology 13:425-451.

  110. Mushuku, Jon (1995). The Water of Longevity. Currently in press.

  111. Negendank, W (1982). Studies of ions and water in human lymphocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 694:123-141.

  112. Negendank, W. (1986). The state of water in the cell. In: The Science of Biological Specimen Preparation, M. Muller et al, SEM Inc, AMF o'Hare, IL.

  113. Negendank, W. (1988). Overview of physical studies of bulk water in biopolymers. Scanning Microscopy 2(2):867-870. 

  114. Parthasarathy, R; Srikrishnan T; Ginell SL; TN Guru Row (1982). Intercalation of water molecules between nucleic acid bases: characteristics of the intercalated water molecules and their possible biological implications. In Molecular Structure and Biological Activity, Jane F. Griffin & William L. Duax, Ed. Elsevier Biomedical Publishers, New York.

  115. Pashley RM, Israelachvilli JN (1984). Molecular layers of water in thin films between mica surfaces and its relation to hydration forces. J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 101:511-523.

  116. Phillips, J.C., (1986). Chemical Bonding, Kinetics, and the approach to equilibrum structures of simple metallic, molecular, and network microclusters. Chemical Reviews 86(3):619-634.

  117. Pohl, H.A. (1978). Dielectrophoresis: the behavior of matter in Nonuniform electric fields. Cambridge University Press.

  118. **Poltev, V.I. & S.V. Steinberg (1987). The role of structural water in the formation of nucleotide mispairs. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 5(2):307-12 (10/87).

  119. Poltev, V.I.; Grokhlina, T.I.; Malenkov, G.G. (l984). Hydration of Nucleic Acid Bases Studied Using Novel Atom-atom Potential Functions. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, V2(2):4l3-29.

  120. Pool, R. (1990). Clusters of Clusters - Double Strange. Science v248 N4960:1187.

  121. Pool, R. (1990). Clusters - Strange Morsels of Matter. Science v248 N4960:1186-1188.

  122. Porter, KR (1987). Structural organization of the cytomatrix. In: Organization of Cell Metabolism, Welch GR, Clegg JS (eds.). Plenum Press, New York.

  123. Putterman, Seth (1991). Bubble light. Science News 139:292. May 11, 1991.

  124. **Ruggiero Neto J; Colombo MF(2000). Water regulation of actinomycin-D binding to DNA: the interplay among drug affinity, DNA long-range conformation, and hydration. Biopolymers 53:1, 46-59.

  125. Sato, T (1994). Changes in the gap junction of rat exocrine pancreatic cells induced by long term ethanol ingestion. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 172(1):39-49.

  126. Schiffman, Y (1991). An hypothesis: phosphorylation fields as the source of positional information and cell differentiation -- (cAMP, ATP) as the universal morphogenetic Turing couple. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 56(2):79-105. 

  127. Sension, R.J., R.J. Brudzynski, B.S. Hudson, J.Z. Zhang. Resonance Emission studies of the photodissociating water molecule. Chemical Physics 141:n2-3:393-400 (3/1/90). 

  128. **Skulachev, V.P. (1990). Power transmission along biological membranes. Journal of Membrane Biology 1990 March, 114(2):97-112.

  129. Smith, CW (1985). Proceedings of the 6th Annual Conference IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, IEEE Publication CH2058-6/84/0000-0176, 176-180.

  130. Smith, C.W. & Best, S.(1989). Electromagnetic man. St. Martin's Press, New York.

  131. Srivastava DK, Bernhard SA (1986). Metabolite transfer via enzyme-enzyme interactions. Science 234:1081-1084.

  132. Stoy, V .A. (l989). New Type of Hydrogel for Controlled Drug Delivery. Journal of Biomaterials Applications, V3(4):552-604.

  133. Szent-Gyorgyi, A (1971). Biology and the pathology of water. Persp. Biol. Med. 14:239.

  134. Szent-Gyorgyi, A (1979). Bioelectronics and Cancer: electronic desaturation of proteins in normal and cancerous tissues. In Wolkowski ZW ed; Interaction of non ionizing electromagnetic radiation with living systems. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wave Theraputics, Versailles, May 1979. 

  135. **Teeter, MM (1992). Order and disorder in water structure of crystalline proteins. Developments in Biological Standardization 74:63-72.

  136. Teplitskii, A.B. (1988). Water molecular clusters and polyhydrates of nucleotide bases at low temperatures. Ukraine Academy of Sciences. Biofizika 32(3):398-401.

  137. Tishchenko GN; Andrianov VI; Vainshtein BK; Dodson E (1992). Gramicidin channels: a new mechanism for transmembrane transfer of ions (from high resolution x-ray structural studies of the antibiotic). Bioorganicheskaia Khimiia 18(3):357-73.

  138. Urry, D.W., D.K. Chang, H. Zhang, and K.U. Prasad (1988). pK Shift of functional group in mechanochemical coupling due to hydrophobic effect: evidence for an apolar-polar repulsion free energy in water. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 153(2):832-9 (6/16/88).

  139. Urry, DW; Gowda DC; Parker TM; Luan CH; Reid MC; Harris CM; Pattanaik A; Harris RD (1992). Hydrophobicity scale for proteins based on inverse temperature transitions. Biopolymers 32(9):1243-50.

  140. **Van Zandt, L.L. (1987). Why structured water causes sharp absorption by DNA at microwave frequencies. Journal of Bimolecular Structure and Dynamics 4(4):569-82 (2/87).

  141. Wako, H. (1989). Monte Carlo simulations of a protein molecule with and without hydration energy calculated by the hydration-shell model. Journal of Protein Chemistry 8(6): 733-47 (12/89). 

  142. **Watterson J.G. (l988). A Model Linking Water and Protein Structures. Biosystems, 22(l):5l-4.

  143. **Watterson, J.G. (l987). A Role for Water in Cell Structure. Biochemical Journal, V248(2):6l5-7.

  144. **Watterson, J.G. (l988). The Role of Water in Cell Architecture. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, V79(2):l0l-5.

  145. **Watterson, JG (1997). The pressure pixel - unit of life? Biosystems 41(3):141.

  146. **Welch, G.R. and M.N. Berry (1988). Long Range Energy Continua in the Living Cell: Protochemical Considerations. In: Coherent excitations in biological systems. Frohlich H and Kremer F, eds.

  147. Westerhoff, HV: Juretic, D: Hendler, RW: Zasloff, M. Magainins and the disruption of membrane linked free energy transduction. Proceedings of the National of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 9/89 v86(17):6597-601.

  148. Wiggins, PM & RT van Ryn (1990). Changes in ionic selectivity with changes in density of water in gels and cells. Biophysical journal 58:585-596.

  149. Yamamoto, K.; Nishi, N. (1990). Hydrophobic Hydration and Hydrophobic Interaction of Carboxylic Acids in Aqueous Solution - Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Liquid Fragments Isolated as Clusters. Journal of the American Chemical Society v112 N2:549-558. 

  150. Yang, X.L.; Castleman A.W. (l989). Large Protonated Water Clusters H+(H2O)N - The Production and Reactivity of Clathrate-Like Structures under Thermal Conditions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, VIII Nl7:6845-6846.

  151. **Yao, J; Dyson HJ; Wright PE (1994). Three dimensional structure of a type VI turn in a linear peptide in water solution. Evidence for stacking aromatic rings as a major stabilizing factor. Journal of Molecular Biology 243(4): 754-66.

  152. **Yao, J; Feher VA; Espejo BF; Reymond MT; Wright PE; Dyson HJ (1994). Stabilization of a type VI turn in a family of linear peptides in water solution. Journal of Molecular Biology 243(4):736-53.

References - Synthovial 7

Effect of Lubricant Composition on the Fatique Properties of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) for Total Knee Replacement (TKR)-Investigating Team:  Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University

Supporting Knee Joints With Oral Hyaluronic Acid.;  Chief Investigator: K. Dean Reeves, M.D., F.A.A.P.M & R. (Fellow of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation). Human Subject Committee: Shawnee Mission Medical Center, Shawnee Mission Kansas (Greater Kansas City Area)

Molecular and Rehological Characterization of Sodium Hyaluronate (HA) and Equine Synovial Fluid; Chief Investigators:  Danielle Leiske, Willie E. (Skip) Rochefort of Oregon State University.  This work is ongoing and this project was presented at the Society of Rheology Meeting in Lubbock, Texas in February, 2005.



 


 


    Web Hosting Companies